History of Bilingual Education in America
In this long history of education in America, there are many important factors to point out that will make regard and a direct connection to bilingual education. In the history of bilingual education we can see that in the United states we have taken a long path to identify it and to learn the importance of the phenomenon that it is. James Crawford (1999) expresses that "minority languages had been accommodated at certain times, repressed at others. Most often, they had been ignored" (p. 11). Considering what Crawford has expressed about the history of bilingual education in this presentation we will disclose factors from the deficit view of Spanish Speaking Children, and the critical race theory of the 1960's. The era of the 1960;s will be utilized to present the birth of bilingual education at a constitutional and national level. In retracting the major events that have take place in the history bilingual education we will focus on particular constitutional amendments and the era of the 1960's.
Deficit View of Spanish Speaking Children
1960's
-Deprivation is the view of the 1960's
-The blame for continued underachievement and low education attainment; rest on the student
-The deficit view had gained wider acceptance during this period
-The child's "language problem," "bilingual disability," mental retardation,"dual handicap," and "language barrier
problems" were relabeled "deprivation during the 1960's.
-Home and language are the primary causes of school failure
Critical Race Theory
1960's
-Genetic and Cultural Inferiority
-Students of racial minority and economically poor backgrounds are genetically or culturally poor backgrounds are genetically or culturally inferior.
-The so called deficits include their genetic make up, poorly developed language skills, and inadequate mothering.
-Students failure to learn presents deeper issues of inequality and injustice have often been neglected
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The history of bilingual education in America has been identified, and evolved mostly in part because of landmark constitutional amendments that have helped paved the way for bilingual education.
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References
Crawford, J. (1999). Bilingual education:history, politics, theory, and practice. In J. Crawford, Bilingaul
education: hisotry, politics, theory, and practice (pp. 5,6). Trenton,: Crane Pub. Co.
Flores, B. (2005). The Intellectual Presence of the Deficit View of Spanish-Speaking Children in the Educational
Literature During the 20th Century. In P. Pedraza, & M. Rivera, Latino Education: An Agenda for Community
Action Research (pp. 75-97). Mahwah:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Nieto, S. (2010) . Public education in the twentieth century and beyond. High hopes, broken promises, and an
uncertain future, (2nd ED).
San Miguel, G. (2004). Contested policy:the rise and fall of federal bilingual education in the United States . In G.
San Miguel, Contested policy:the rise and fall of federal bilingual education in the United States. (pp. 5,6).
Denton : University of North Texas Press.
education: hisotry, politics, theory, and practice (pp. 5,6). Trenton,: Crane Pub. Co.
Flores, B. (2005). The Intellectual Presence of the Deficit View of Spanish-Speaking Children in the Educational
Literature During the 20th Century. In P. Pedraza, & M. Rivera, Latino Education: An Agenda for Community
Action Research (pp. 75-97). Mahwah:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Nieto, S. (2010) . Public education in the twentieth century and beyond. High hopes, broken promises, and an
uncertain future, (2nd ED).
San Miguel, G. (2004). Contested policy:the rise and fall of federal bilingual education in the United States . In G.
San Miguel, Contested policy:the rise and fall of federal bilingual education in the United States. (pp. 5,6).
Denton : University of North Texas Press.